This Cherenkov light is detected by these phototubes. So, when these neutrinos pass through the water at the speed of light, it creates an electron or muon, and Cherenkov radiation is emitted as a result. They are usually surrounded by photoelectric cells (phototubes) that are very sensitive to light. Some detectors use large volumes of water as a medium. There are various neutrino detection methods. Most of these neutrino detectors are built underground to prevent any interference from other background radiation. Large neutrino observatories are being established around the world to study neutrinos. So, neutrino observatories have to be very large in order to detect a considerable amount of neutrinos. How neutrinos are detected?Īs they interact very weakly with other particles, detecting neutrinos is a difficult task. Similarly, when an antitau particle decays, it creates a tau antineutrino. Also, a tau neutrino is created as a result. Or a muon and a muon antineutrino are released. Also, it releases an electron and an electron antineutrino. When these tau particles decay, it gives rise to an elementary particle called W boson. And they have their antitau particles as well. Like muons, tau is also an elementary particle present in atoms. And, as a result, a muon neutrino or a muon antineutrino is created.
Also, from this particle decay, an electron antineutrino or an electron neutrino is released. And if an antimuon decays, it releases a positron. If a muon decays, it releases an electron. When these muons and antimuons undergo particle decay, an electron or a positron is released. Feynman diagram of Muon to electron decay Like electrons, protons, neutrons, muons are elementary particles present in atoms. Muon neutrinosīefore going into muon neutrinos, we must learn about muons first. When an element reduces its atomic number by 1 and becomes an entirely different element, the process is known as beta decay. Beta-decay of berylliumĪs a result of this process, an electron neutrino is released. When a proton from the beryllium’s nucleus attracts an innermost electron, its atomic number gets reduced to 3, becoming lithium, an entirely different element. Electron captureįor example, consider an atom of Beryllium, its atomic number is 4. As a result of this electron capture, an electron neutrino is created. This process is known as electron capture. When a proton from the atomic nucleus attracts an electron from the innermost orbit, the negatively charged electron, and the positively charged proton combines together to form a neutron. But, electrons revolve around the atomic nucleus. In any atom, protons and neutrons reside in the atomic nucleus. Protons are positively charged particles. Electrons are negatively charged particles. Let’s take a quick recap of the three basic subatomic particles that we all know. How neutrinos are formed? The subatomic particles Subatomic particles Electron neutrino (Antielectron neutrino).And, these neutrinos have their antineutrinos as well. So far, three kinds of neutrinos have been discovered. Similarly, neutrinos have their antiparticles as well. So the answer is, both of these diagrams have to be included in calculating the crossection, so sometimes it is a W- one way and/or a W+ the other, due to the uncertainty principle in time ordering.According to the laws of physics, if there is a particle, there must be an antiparticle. This is why some books show W+ going one way and others show a W- going the other. The existence of one diagram implies the other. The uncertainty principle means that you don't know exactly when the particles react. When one writes the quark diagrams for electron capture, the reverse can also happen, within the Uncertainty principle of quantum mechanics, depending on the time evolution, there are two diagrams:īoth of these reactions occur superposed. Looking at the quark content, proton uud and neutron udd, an up quark (charge +2/3) has to turn into a down quark (charge -1/3), which happens with the an up -> d +W*+, the star because the W is in a virtual state, off mass shell. We are in the quantum mechanical regime,for a proton to turn into a neutron a quark interaction has to happen, again from conservation of charge. BUT the Feynman diagram rules can read it as W- from right to left. Usually one plots the arrow from left to right. In electron capture, ignoring the quark level, this is the diagram:Ĭonservation of charge needs a positron, which means the intermediate virtual boson exchanged going from left to right has to carry a + charge.
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